Was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. The resolution was sponsored by British ambassador Lord Caradon and was one of five drafts under consideration.
         
       These following principles require the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East.

*Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict;

*Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force.

       In April 2004, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1540, which establishes legally binding obligations on all UN Member States to have and enforce appropriate and effective measures against the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their delivery systems, and related materials.

        All UN Member States have three primary obligations under UNSC Resolution 1540.

1. Prohibit support to non-state actors seeking WMD and their means of delivery.

2. Adopt and enforce effective laws prohibiting activities involving the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and their means of delivery to non-state actors.

3. Have and enforce effective measures to reduce the vulnerability of many legitimate activities to misuse in ways that would foster the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery to non-state actors.

Adopted unanimously on January 22, 2013, after recalling all previous relevant resolutions on the situation concerning North Korea, including resolutions 825 (1993), 1540 (2004), 1695 (2006), 1718 (2006), and 1874 (2009), the Council condemned the December 12, 2012 rocket launch by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. North Korea cited this resolution as the cause of the 2013 Korean crisis.

        The United Nations is aware that terrorism is present almost every week, and there is no difference if there are innocent people involved, so this issue has been in their agenda for decades.

        The last definition of terrorism was: "the intentional random murder of defenseless non-combatants, with the intent of instilling fear of mortal danger amidst a civilian population as a strategy designed to advance political ends" by Tamar Meisels. The Member States in the General Assembly and the Security Council have coordinated actions to counter-attack terrorism, establishing subsidiary bodies. They need to respect the human rights while taking actions, like sharing information about possible terrorist attacks or organizations. 
       
        In 2004 the Security Council adopted Resolution 1535, creating the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) to provide expert advice on all areas covered by resolution 1373 (including general reaffirmations about terrorism and its consequences).

In September 20, 2008, the General Assembly from the UN signed the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In the document, the delegations approved a 3-phases strategy:

*Adressing conditions to the spread of terrorism.

*Prevent and combat terrorism.

*Building States that can prevent terrorism.


The first step consists in eradicate all potential terrorist environments (promote peace and dialogue). Then, prevent and combat terrorism already existent (mainly, by precluding the access to the necessary means to start their attacks). And, finally look for a development in terrorism combat and prevention in all States (the United Nations calls to all States to communicate and cooperate in terrorism; States can help giving space to train an anti-terrorism group, provide technical assistance, researching, etc).  

         The United Nations has been known to posses several programmes and funds that take actions in several fields of social improvement; however, how do we know which one to address in the subject of poverty eradication? 

         One of the most important partakers in this issue is the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), an organism which focuses on development matters and social equality. Because of the programme’s goals it is deeply concerned with the problem of inequality in a worldwide basis. With there being more than a billion people in the world living in extreme poverty, the UNDP has a lot of road to cover in order to solve this problematic.

         The UNDP works in parallel to the so called Millenium Development Goals, established by the UN in 2000, which give clear guidelines towards human development goals for 2015. By following this principles, the UNDP is not only concerned about adequate wage, but also strives to provide universal education, health, dignity and social equality for everyone. The UNDP’s goal is to ultimately provide sustainable human development for everyone.

        The UNDP has 1051 programs completely focused in poverty eradicaton, but the area in which thet work varies from one to another. For example, the Poverty Reduction Support Programme tries to mitigate human insecurity and promotes jobs for youths in Nigeria. Meanwhile the Gestión de Políticas Alimentarias II is in charge of pursuing the development of Argentina's nutrition in the most needed areas. And as the last example, we have the Programme Accélération Zéro Sida Omd 6, which focuses in stopping AIDS in Central African Republic by 2015.

        As we noticed, the work of the UNDP tries to mitigate poverty from every angle, either by employement, healthcare, nutrition, society or mortality. But we never mentioned the investigators working for this institution, the UNDP also owns a research field where human development is studied and measured.

        So, the UNDP eradicates poverty by programs and researching.

        The promotion or protection of the human rights has been a major issue since 1945 by the United Nations. The Respect of the Human Rights and the human dignity is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.

         It proclaims as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. 

* The General Assembly

* The Economic and Social Council

* The Commission of Human Rights

* The sub commission on protection of the discrimination and the protection of minorities.

* The commission on the States of Women

* The commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

         The united Nations services program began in 1955 on a small scale, over the las few years the UN Centre of Human Rights and Electoral Assistance have received the support and a increase in numbers, in the following areas:

* Reforming national laws

* Supporting democratization and advising on electoral procedures.

* Assisting in the drafting of national laws.

* Strengthening national and regional institutions.

* Training criminal justice, personal-judges, lawyers and police.


Universal Declaration of Human Rights

        Here’s a little context before treating this subject. The Cold War is known as the chain of events that raised intense rivalry and tension between the world superpowers and their respective allies, the United States and the USSR. The name “war” can be somewhat misleading though, since there was never an actual war between countries, but rather competition and shows of power to intimidate and threaten the opposite side. The US and the USSR were present and participating directly or indirectly in many foreign conflicts throughout the second half of the 20th century. Disputes such as these include but are not limited to the Korean War (1951-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975) and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Other events such as the Space Race and the Berlin and Suez crisis are also included, but in this article we will focus on the former three.

        The UN has had an important role in international relations since its foundation, and in times of conflict, meetings were still being held, used as an organized and respectful ground for debating and reaching solutions. Here are some of the important resolutions made to respond to these world-scale problems the UN was faced with.

      This was a very similar conflict between capitalism and communism as the one that happened in the Koreas. The North and the South Vietnam were trying to impose their ideologies on each other, as well as in the lands of Laos and Cambodia. The war started the 1st of November of 1955 and lasted for nearly 20 years until its resolution in April 1975.

        The UN tried to prevent the conflict with several attempts to reach a peaceful resolution but the Soviet side tended to reject those resolutions, as they knew the capitalist South would be the most benefitted in a war they were better prepared for. On the 14th of December of 1955, 16 countries were added to the United Nations organization, among them were Laos and Cambodia. This movement was not a coincidence, but a strategy to give these territories involved in the war a voice and a vote in the UN forums.

        In December 1971, the UN made very strong and firm resolutions regarding international security and the right of a country to decide by its own views. This clearly made an effect of the conflict in Vietnam, as in the following years, the United States president, Richard Nixon, retired the American troops from Vietnam. In the face of a losing battle and the wide opposition of the american people, president Nixon took back his declarations and admitted guilt of bad decisions he made, resigning his functions as president on August 1974.

        The year the conflict officially ended, in November 1975 the UN reached agreements over the strict implementation of the “Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security”. These actions further demonstrated the commitment of the UN to preventing violent intervention in foreign countries. Many old policies were reaffirmed and restructured, as well as new ones were implemented and urged to be followed.

        The Cuban Missile Crisis was a series of negotiations between the US and the Soviet Union addressing the issue of the nuclear missiles placed in Cuba by the USSR. This event caused extreme tension between the two world superpowers, each dealing with a threat that could have resulted in nuclear warfare. Taking place in 1962, it was a time in which the US requested the removal of missiles from Cuba, as well as the USSR demanding the removal of american nuclear weapons from Turkey.

      The year preceding the crisis, the UN reached a resolution expressing its concern about the testing of nuclear weapons. The resolution of November 1961 declares “earnestly urges the States concerned to refrain from further test explosions”. This proactive action stated the importance of proper control of the nuclear weapons.

      After the conflict broke out in 1962 and was resolved shortly after, the UN approved a resolution on December of the same year. This resolution made a more drastic proposal, the complete abolishing of the use of nuclear weapons. This particular proposal was widely accepted in the forum, since it assured a situation as delicate and dangerous as what happened in Cuba would not repeat itself ever again.

      The Cold War ultimately proved to be a delicate issue that the United Nations had to deal with carefully and responsibly. However, preventive and active measures were taken into motion at the right times to contain violent revolts. It was a test for the unity and strenght of the UN.

        A peacekeeping is one of the most effective tools of the UN for the assistant at host countries to navigate the difficult path from a conflict to peace. Peacekeeping has unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy and sustain troops and police from around the globe, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to advance multidimensional mandates. UN Peacekeepers provide security and the political and peace building support to help countries make the difficult, early transition from conflict to peace.

UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:

• Consent of the parties;
  
  
• Impartiality;
  
  
• Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
  
  

Peacekeeping is flexible and over the past two decades has been deployed in many configurations. There are currently 15 UN peace operations deployed on four continents and one special political mission – the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) – led by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

         Success is never guaranteed, because UN Peacekeeping almost by definition goes to the most physically and politically difficult environments. However, UN has built up a demonstrable record of success over our 60 years of existence, including winning the Nobel Peace Prize.

For further information, click here

The UN has three different categories for Non-members: Non-self-governing, Non-member observer and Non-member State.

       
        The non-self-governing states are colonized territories such as Montserrat (U K), U. S. Virgin Islands (USA) and New Caledonia (Fr). But there has been an issue, known as the Western Sahara conflict, where the Sahrawi people has been trying to get independence from Morocco in the last 43 years. Western Sahara is still not an independent country, therefore it will not be able to be a candidate for a place in UN. 

      In the world, there are only two entities in the category of non-member observer: the Holy See and Palestine. These are not considered as States, but Palestine has been trying to get recognized by the UN members as one of them.

       And as a non-member state we have the Cook Islands and Niue, both located in the South Pacific Ocean, near New Zealand. Both territories are not already accepted as states because they are in a free association with New Zealand. "Free association is a status distinct from that of full independence in that it allows the Cook Islands to maintain New Zealand citizenship, while administering its own affairs." (New Zealand's government, 2013).

       Finally, we can define a fourth unofficial category for Taiwan. China says it is part of its territory, not a colony, but a province. Taiwan claims itself a soveraign state. Taiwan knows that without China's licence it will never get to be a soveraign state, but in 2009 it tried to get the rank of Non-member observer such as Palestine and the Holy See, which was denied. Nowadays, Taiwan is refered in the UN as Chinese Taipei and it continues its efforts to get an international recognition.

The UN got different programs to give a solution for the main problems in the world. The especialized agencies are lsited above.
odificar.

    Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-Biggest agency of the United Nations that its objective is defeat hunger for all nations to raise nutrition. It is actully in Rome

     International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)- Control the techniques to plan development safe air transport and defining protocols of  for air accident investigation. Also resolves problems between two countries. Its headquarters are in Canada.

        International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)- Created thanks to the situation in Sahel in 1974, dedicated to eradicate rural poverty but only in developing countries. It is located in Rome

 International Labour Organization (ILO)- Comes from the Treaty of Versailles and a previous aency in the League of Nations, and attends cases that involves labor issues. Is actually in Switzerland

        International Maritime Organization (IMO)-Its principal purpose is to coordinate international maritime safety and related practices. It promotes cooperation between countries to reduce maritime pollution and be safe. It is conducted by five committees that are supported by another technical committees. Actually stands in United Kingdom.

        International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Has an agreement with the UN, but may be considered as an independent agency that cooperates financially and negotiation assistance to this subject issues. Is in Washington D.C

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)- Was created to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. It is in charge of organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls. It is in Switzerland. 

       United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)- His objective is contributing to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in all nations. This runs in France.

        United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)- Was created to promote and accelerate industrial development in developing countries with the cooperation and helping values to accelerate economic growth. Its principal functions are to reduce poverty through productive actions, trading and better energy taking care of the environment. It actually is in Vienna, Austria.

Universal Postal Union (UPU): The universal Postal Union is hearquartered in Switzerland, at the city of Berne, its main purposes are to coordinate the postal policies between nations.

        World Bank Group: It is a part of the united nations system and have a formal relationship with the United Nations. The WBG is confomated by a group of five associated institutions the the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). 

        World Health Organization (WHO): The world Health Organization (WHO) acts coordinating all the aspects of international public health. It was estblished in the city of Geneva, Switzerland.

        World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an agency who was established in Geneva, Switzerland. Its main purpose is to defend the creative activity and intellectal property in the world.
 
        World Meteorological Organization (WMO): The World Meteorological Organization was established in 1950, it has became the specialized agency of the UN for weather, climate and related geophysical sciences .

        World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): The UNWTO its was first established in London, United Kingdom in 1946, to replace the International Union of Official Tourist Propaganda Organization (IUOTPO). Serves as a forum for tourism policies and acts as a practical source for tourism.

        The programs and funds agreed to be executed by the agencies already mentioned are financed by donations. Above, a list showing some of them.

        United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): Provides assistance to children who are living in an environment not favorable for their development.      

        World Food Program (WFP): This program is looking to finish the hunger that is accusing the planet. During natural disasters, the WFP provides food to the damaged communities.

        United Nations Environment Program (UNEP): It is in charge of moderating the damage caused by human being to environment and find solutions to the problems that are already in motion.  

        UN Women: It is the fund in charge of looking for the gender equality. 

For further information about the 8 programs and funds, click here

         Resolutions in the UN model are the result of much negotiation and discussion over the topics addressed, they make suggestions or recommendations for which course of action to take in the future. Although, for resolutions to be redacted and approved there is a protocol involved. There are certain stages of development a resolution needs to clear in order to be accepted and implemented into the UN. Here is the general process they must undergo.

        First, a draft resolution needs to be redacted, which consists of a heading, preamble and an operative section.

Header: Consists of the following; a list of the countries that are authors of the resolution, called sponsors; a list of signatories, which is a list of countries that wish to see the resolution debated so they can propose amendments and further improving it; and a topic, a phrase starting with a verb in present participle stating the resolution’s purpose or goal. After the header, the rest of the resolution is written as a single sentence.
Preamble: Begins with the subject, being the assembly in which the resolution is being made, followed by a comma. All preambulatory clauses begin with a verb in present participle and are separated by commas. The preambulatory phrases stipulate the reasons why the topic is being treated and relevant past events and actions, they provide context for the operative section.
Operative Section: Requests the action or consideration of UN agencies to address the issue at hand. Operative clauses must be separated by a semicolon. This is the actual petition that the resolution is making to the rest of the countries in the forum.

       If the draft resolution has enough supporters within the committee, then it can be submitted to the staff for debate. Most conferences require 20% of countries in the forum to support the resolution in order for it to be debated. If the resolution meets the needed percentage of approval, and a staff member assures it is relevant and in proper format, then it will be assigned a number and presented for debate.

        After a draft resolution has been approved it goes into the amendment process, which consists on making amendments, or changes, on the operative section of the resolution. There are two types of amendments, friendly and unfriendly ones, which consist on the following:

Friendly: An amendment made in the resolution to which all sponsors agree and sign upon making. With approval of all authors and the committee’s director, the amendment can be made right away.
Unfriendly: An amendment to which some or all of the sponsors disagree with. The committee will vote upon making unfriendly amendments; again, about 20% of the committee’s votes are needed for this type of amendment to take place.

        After amendments have taken place, the committee will vote upon approving the resolution as a new UN official resolution. In this case, the majority of the committee must vote for the resolution in order for it to be approved, the assembly decides wether it to be passed or rejected. 

        The General Assembly - It discusses any matter arising under the UN Charter and make recommendations to UN Members. The Assembly meets every year from September to December
        The Security Council - Mantains peace and security. When a threat to peace is brought before the Council, it usually first asks the parties to reach agreement by peaceful means. The Council has 15 members, including five permanent members: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The other 10 are elected by the General Assembly on the basis of geographical representation for two-year terms.
        The Economic and Social Council - Coordinates the social and economic work of the UN. It directs activities for the promotion of economic growth of developing countries supporting human rights and world cooperation.
        The Trusteeship Council - Promotes the advancement of the inhabitants of those dependent territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence.
        The International Court of Justice - The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the UN’s main judicial organ. There are 15 different countries' judges that settles legal disputes between nations only and not between individuals.
       The Secretariat - A department with a total staff of around 16,000, drawn from some 175 countries that carry out the substantive and administrative work of the United Nations. It may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which, in his opinion, may threaten international peace and security.